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Ingeborg Beling
Ingeborg Beling was a German ethologist from the early 20th century who worked in the field of chronobiology. She studied at the University of Munich under the direction of Karl Von Frisch and is known for her research on the time sense of honey bees.〔Simon, Seymour. The Secret Clocks: Time Senses of Living Things. New York: The Viking Press, 1979.〕〔(Biotiming Tutorial ). Ed. Erik Herzog. Department of Biology, Washington University, n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013.〕
In her research, in 1929, she trained bees to come to a feeding station at a specific time of day, day after day.〔Beling, Ingeborg. "(Über das Zeitgedächtnis der Bienen )." Zeitschrift fur vergleichende Physiologie 9.2 (1929): 259-338. Print. 〕〔Kung, Shain-Dow, and Shang-Fa Yang. Discoveries in Plant Biology Volume 1. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company, 1998. Print.〕 This contribution ultimately led to the discovery of the bees’ 24-hour biological clock. Because of this achievement, she was regarded as one of the first female chronobiologists. Beyond honeybees, much of Beling’s work involved studying behaviors of wasps,〔Beling, Ingeborg. "Zur Biologic und Zucht der Schlupfwespe Angilia armil-lata." Arb biol Reichsanst Berlin. 20. (1933): 237-244. Print.〕 fly pupae,〔Beling, Ingeborg. "Ueber missgebildete Fliegenpuppen."Zoologischer Anzeiger Leipzig. 87. (1930): 171-175. Print.〕 etc. Finally, she also did some research in pest control.〔Beling, Ingeborg. "Biologische Mitteilungen." Naturwissenschaften 19.27 (1931):
599-600.〕〔Beling, Ingeborg. "Schädlingsbekämpfung im 18. Jahrhundert." Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde 8.6 (1932): 66-69〕
== Bee-feeding experiment (1929) ==
Beling wrote in her widely cited 1929 paper, titled "''Über das Zeitgedächtnis der Bienen''" (“On the Time Memory of Bees”) published in the Journal of Comparative Physiology, that the early observations of Forel, v. Buttel-Reepen and Dobkiewicz promoted her to study the intriguing behavior of bees, termed ''Zeitgedächtnis'', or time memory.〔〔Beling, Ingeborg. "Über das Zeitgedächtnis der Bienen." Die Naturwissenschaften (1930): 63-67〕 In her pioneer experiments, Beling trained a group of individually marked foraging bees to fly to a feeding dish, which was filled with sugar water only at certain times of the day (for example, between 4 and 6 PM). During the testing phase, the dish was empty throughout the day and every visiting bee was recorded. She found that the bees only visited the feeding station at trained time, even when the sugar water was removed. Specifically, Beling found that the bees can anticipate the food by showing up just a little early every morning (see Figure on the right.). Further more, she found that bees could be trained to show up at the feeding station at any time of the day, and even for multiple times a day. However, Beling did report that the bees could only be trained to a period close to 24 hours, but not 19 or 48 hours as she tested. Interestingly, these results were still present when Beling controlled potential environmental cues such as humidity, temperature, light and radiation.
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